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Racial segregation in the United States, as a general term, includes the segregation or "hypersegregation" of facilities, services, and opportunities such as housing, medical care, education, employment, and transportation along racial lines. The expression most often refers to the legally or socially enforced separation of African Americans from other races, but also applies to the general discrimination against people of color by white communities.〔C. Vann Woodward, ''The Strange Career of Jim Crow'' (3rd ed. 1974).〕 As well as the physical separation and provision of separate facilities (especially during the Jim Crow era), the term can also refer to other manifestations of racial discrimination, such as separation of roles within an institution: for example, in the United States Armed Forces before the 1950s, black units were typically separated from white units but were led by white officers.〔Harvard Sitkoff, ''The Struggle for Black Equality'' (2008)〕 Legal segregation of schools was stopped in America by federal enforcement of a series of Supreme Court decisions after ''Brown v. Board of Education'' in 1954. All segregation was abolished by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.〔Judy L. Hasday, ''The Civil Rights Act of 1964: An End to Racial Segregation'' (2007).〕 It passed after civil rights demonstrations resulted in public opinion turning against enforced segregation, ''de facto'' segregation — segregation "in fact", without sanction of law — persists in varying degrees to the present day. The contemporary racial segregation seen in the United States in residential neighborhoods has been shaped by public policies, mortgage discrimination, and redlining, among other factors.〔Hugh Graham, ''The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960–1972'' (1990)〕 Hypersegregation is a form of racial segregation that consists of the geographical grouping of racial groups. Most often, this occurs in cities where the residents of the inner city are African Americans and the suburbs surrounding this inner core are often white European American residents. The idea of hypersegregation gained credibility in 1989 due to the work of Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton and their studies of "American Apartheid" when whites created the black ghetto during the first half of the 20th century in order to isolate growing urban black populations by segregation among inner-city African-Americans. ==History== Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867, the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1870 providing the right to vote, and the Civil Rights Act of 1875 forbidding racial segregation in accommodations. As a result, Federal occupation troops in the South assured blacks the right to vote and to elect their own political leaders. The Reconstruction amendments asserted the supremacy of the national state and the formal equality under the law of everyone within it. However it did not prohibit segregation in schools.〔 〕 By the early 1870s, the North lost interest in further reconstruction efforts and when federal troops were withdrawn in 1877, the Republican Party in the South splintered and lost support, leading to the conservatives (themselves "Redeemers") taking control of all the southern states. 'Jim Crow' segregation began somewhat later, in the 1880s.〔C. Vann Woodward, ''The Strange Career of Jim Crow'' (3rd ed. 1974)〕 Disfranchisement of the blacks began in the 1890s. By 1910, Segregation was firmly established across the South and most of the border region, and only a small number of black leaders were allowed to vote across the Deep South.〔 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Racial segregation in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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